Despite its expected benefits, the circular migration model remains insufficiently institutionalised in Africa. Programmes are often limited to a few bilateral agreements (e.g. between Senegal and Spain), and the majority of circular migration occurs outside of formal frameworks. Furthermore, ensuring security, social protection and the recognition of migrants’ rights remains a significant challenge.
Looking ahead, it will be essential to strengthen regional cooperation, improve mobility governance and ensure that returns result in genuine social and economic inclusion rather than “forced resettlement”.
In Francophone West Africa, this model offers a compelling alternative to permanent emigration and settling abroad. It enables mobility to be viewed as a system of resource and skill exchange. However, achieving this requires bold migration policies, strengthened protections and the full recognition of circular migration.